Everything You Need To Know About ESG Scores
Delta Air Lines Inc
Creating a sustainable business strategy and ESG scores go hand in hand. Typically assigned through several sources, the ESG scores reports serve as key indicators for investors on how businesses engage with specific issues that affect the planet and people.
But for businesses themselves, they can serve as the tools that provide guidelines and benchmarks that businesses can work towards. These could be as crucial as key performance indicators (KPIs) when it comes to those issues and can reflect the impact of corporate sustainability practices on long-term performance.
An ESG score may outline where there may be climate risks related to business operations, where things stand in terms of overall greenhouse gas emissions, where an organization's ESG efforts are falling short and a significant amount of effort is needed in another direction, or simply what kind of risk management policy or corporate governance should be considered to initiate beneficial changes. These insights help companies manage ESG risks more effectively and systematically.
For those new to ESG Scores, here are some key points to know.
ESG Scoring Methodologies and Major Rating Agencies
Similar to credit reports, many ESG rating agencies provide ESG scores, and each one has its own methodology. Some will use a range of 1 to 100 or 1 to 40+, while others will give lettering grades. But as different as they are, each one follows the same general principles and methods. These various ESG scoring systems depend heavily on the data quality derived from public disclosures, reports, regulatory filings, and even interviews and news sources.
For each element of environmental, social, and governance, they are weighted based on the information uncovered that's connected to those issues. For example, Delta Airlines will take a hit on its environmental score due to its carbon credit greenwashing.
In terms of providers, the significant ones that our site uses are Sustainalytics, Refinitiv, and MSCI. However, there are, of course, many others. Regardless, you can't go wrong with any number of providers, and it's a matter of personal preference and what is most relevant to your business circumstances.
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ESG Factors Beyond Carbon and Greenhouse Gases
As mentioned above, each aspect is weighted based on particular information that is available to the public. As such, the providers of ESG scores conduct a great deal of research pertaining to all kinds of subtopics that encompass ESG.
Some examples of subtopics are:
Environmental: Company carbon emissions, whether they are trying to reduce emissions or not, how much emissions they have reduced, waste management, water usage, and whether they're using renewable energy.
Social: Diversity in various branches of business (board of directors, executives, management, etc.), community relations, and product safety.
Governance: Board independence, how much money executives are making relative to employees, anti-corruption policies, and shareholder rights.
These evaluations are critical in assessing a company’s ESG performance and help in painting a clearer picture of the company’s sustainability performance.
Understanding ESG Rating Scales: Scores, Grades, and Color Codes
Both the scales and ratings that each organization uses vary, as there is currently a lack of a universal standard. Even so, the scores won't be too different in how the results are communicated. For example, even with different metrics, the scores have a colour coding system with green being ‘good', yellow being ‘average', and red being ‘bad'. Regardless of the description or numbers provided, being in the green is good.
How the different ratings and scales come into play provides more specific details and precision. Using a combination of analytics helps to paint a bigger picture than relying on a single individual source. That much is clear when the scale that's used can vary from 0 to 100, 1 to 10, 1 to 40+, or use grades or descriptions.
As a general rule, it's good to rely on sources that provide a descriptive label or letters and compare those to ones that provide specific numbers.
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ESG Scores by Industry: Benchmarking Within and Across Sectors
Thanks to the IFRS Foundation's formal announcement, ESG reporting as a whole has a formalized standard. Coinciding with scores, which do factor in those same ESG reports, ESG scores can serve as comparisons to individual company goals and progress. This is particularly useful for incorporating ESG metrics into investment processes, allowing investors to evaluate risk and opportunity more thoroughly.
Financial institutions are increasingly relying on such data to inform capital allocation, assess long-term risks, and meet growing stakeholder demands for accountability and transparency.
Even with other countries formulating their own reporting standards, such as Europe and their European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), there will steadily come a time when publicly traded companies will be following a universal standard or some standard recognised by the IFRS Foundation.
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The Evolving Standards behind ESG Ratings and ESG Data
Even with reporting standards in place and many companies firmly established, the ESG score is still evolving and changing. This is largely why any given ESG score may vary so much and why there are different methods and scoring approaches among the agencies.
This isn't a bad thing, as it's a matter of adapting to new changes and recognizing that a score in isolation doesn't always provide the full picture. Heeding the scores of multiple agencies, though, does help in painting a company's broader picture and their efforts, which is the whole goal of ESG scores.
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Takeaway
An ESG score provides companies with the chance to take stock. Yes, it may be part of certified climate action projects, verifiable emission reductions, or other initiatives to openly combat climate change for the interest of potential investors, but it's more about the development of insights that indicate where you actually are and what your future trajectory may be based on that knowledge.
Knowing how your company truly uses resources, whether environmental or social, is important data from which to ultimately assess how ESG can work for you. Which projects reduce performance and which make investment seem less attractive? Are your solutions misplaced and should you be engaged elsewhere to see increased levels of interest both from clients as much as from your employees?
An ESG score is the first step to creating a habit, an operational mechanism that openly lets a company engage in change for the better. Business leaders can commit by taking this a step further and working out their individual ESG score.
Want to know how businesses are performing? Refer to our Company ESG Profiles for updated published ESG scores and sustainability reports on thousands of global firms.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is an ESG Score and Why Does it Matter?
An ESG score evaluates a company’s performance across Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria. It helps investors assess sustainability risks, long-term value creation, and ethical business practices.
How Are ESG Scores Calculated?
ESG scores are calculated using company disclosures, regulatory filings, sustainability reports, and media analysis. These data points are used to analyze environmental, social, and governance factors, which are then weighted and aggregated into a final score.
What is Considered a Good ESG Score?
ESG scores typically range from 0 to 100. A score above 70 is generally considered good, indicating strong sustainability practices. Scores below 50 may reflect higher ESG risks and weaker environmental or social performance.
How Does ESG Scoring Work?
Companies’ ESG metrics, such as carbon emissions, board diversity, or workplace safety, are evaluated by analysts and scoring algorithms. These inputs are converted into separate scores for environmental, social, and governance categories, which are then combined into a composite ESG score.
What Are the Major ESG Rating Agencies?
Key ESG rating agencies include MSCI, Sustainalytics, FTSE Russell, and Refinitiv. Each agency uses a different scoring methodology, which can lead to differences in ESG ratings for the same company.
Can ESG Scores Vary between Rating Agencies?
Yes. Due to differences in data sources, weighting systems, and industry benchmarks, a single company can receive different ESG scores from different rating agencies. Using multiple ratings gives a more complete picture.
Are ESG Scores Standardized across Industries?
Not yet. While standards like the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) are bringing more consistency, scoring systems still vary, and companies are often evaluated within their industry peers for fairness.
What Types of Data Are Used to Determine ESG Scores?
Data sources, which are analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods, include:
Company sustainability reports
Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)
News and media
Regulatory filings
Public statements
How Can Companies Improve Their ESG Scores?
Companies can improve their ESG scores by doing the following:
Reducing carbon emissions
Enhancing transparency in ESG disclosures
Strengthening governance policies
Promoting diversity and inclusion
Aligning with frameworks like the EU Taxonomy and IFRS ESG standards
How Do ESG Scores Influence Investment Decisions?
Investors and asset managers use ESG scores to identify companies with strong risk management, long-term growth potential, and ethical operations. High scores often attract more investment and improve a firm’s reputation.
Are ESG Scores Used beyond Investment Purposes?
Yes. ESG scores also inform regulators, employees, consumers, and supply chain partners. They help businesses benchmark performance and guide sustainability strategies.
Why Do ESG Scores Differ Among Companies in the Same Industry?
Different companies disclose varying levels of ESG data and adopt different sustainability practices. Rating agencies also weigh specific issues differently, which results in variations, even within the same sector.
Last updated on June 12, 2025, by Mamata Saha.
